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Management of Moderate Acute Malnourished Under-Five Children in Ekiti South Senatorial District of Ekiti State Using Maize-Peanut and Maize-Soybean Blends

2025-02-25T11:28:17Z

Management of Moderate Acute Malnourished Under-Five Children in Ekiti South Senatorial District of Ekiti State Using Maize-Peanut and Maize-Soybean Blends Adesanmi, Raymond Ade Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) has been threatening the life and health of majority of global <5 years old children in sub-Saharan Africa, which is reduced by promoting affordable, readily available but locally grown supplementary food. Therefore, this study aimed to formulate and evaluate the effect of locally grown maize-peanut and -soybean supplementary food on the anthropometric parameters of <5 MAM children in Ekiti South Senatorial District of Ekiti State. Maize-Peanut {MPN} (149.4 g) and Maize-Soybean {MSB} (147.4 g) composite flours were produced and re-constituted to slurry. Proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, anti-nutritional and phytochemical composition, aflatoxin and microbiological assays and sensory properties were determined using standard analytical methods. The descriptive study involved four-stage sampling methods where children were randomly divided into four treatment groups comprising 18 each including Plumpy sup (control), maize-peanut blend (MPN), maize-soybean blend (MSB) and Nutrition Education (NE). Feeding trials (1 sachet per day, 149.4g for MPN and 147. 4g for MSB) and nutrition education were implemented for 12 weeks. Anthropometric parameters including body weight, height and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) were assessed fortnightly. The proximate composition showed that the crude protein and carbohydrate contents of MSB (7.59 and 88.31%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the MPN (7.19 and 87.63%) but with lower fat (3.81; 4.79%), respectively. The amino acid profile of both gruels was rich in hydrophobic and essential ones such as, valine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine. The mineral contents (calcium, iron, zinc, iodine) for MSB and MPN gruels are 14.15±0.00, 11.81±0.00 mg; 5.54±0.00, 4.84±0.00 mg; 3.98±0.00, 3.13±0.00 mg; and 297.33±1.16, 293.00±2.00 µg, respectively. The vitamin B1, B3, B9, A and K contents of MSB and MPN gruels are 2.30±0.02, 2.22±0.03 mg; 0.08 ±0.02, 0.06 ±0.03 mg; 300.00±26.46, 150.00±1 7.32 mg; 1.24±0.05, 1.13±0.04 RE; and 0.86±0.02, 1.98±0.02 µg, respectively. The MSB and MPN gruels contained very low antinutritional (tannin, saponin, oxalate and alkaloid) contents (<1 mg/ 100 g) as well as low amount (0.04-0.05 mg/100 g) of Aflatoxin (AFB1 AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) contents. The gruels showed a low population of yeast (1.4-4.2 x 108 cfu/g) and moulds (1.2-2.3 x 108 cfu/g) with the MSB gruel having higher consumer acceptability than the MPN and plumpy sup, respectively. The age, MUAC and weight-height z-score at enlistment and end line of the children fed with plumpy sup, MSB, MPN and NE were 14, 19 months; 11.21, 18.90 cm; 13.41, 15.67 and 18.53, 15.52, respectively. A 100% recovery from MAM was recorded for the children from plumpy sup, MSB, and MPN groups but 0.0% for NE group. Following complete MAM relief with the use of locally produced supplementary foods from both MSB and MPN, it is recommended that management of moderate acute malnutrition should be given necessary priority in primary health care in Nigeria and government should support mass production of local supplemntary foods.

Management of Moderate Acute Malnourished Under-Five Children in Ekiti South Senatorial District of Ekiti State Using Maize-Peanut and Maize-Soybean Blends

2025-02-05T14:13:24Z

Management of Moderate Acute Malnourished Under-Five Children in Ekiti South Senatorial District of Ekiti State Using Maize-Peanut and Maize-Soybean Blends Adesanmi, Raymond Ade; Osum, Frances Ifunanya Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) has been threatening the life and health of majority of global <5 years old children in sub-Saharan Africa, which is reduced by promoting affordable, readily available but locally grown supplementary food. Therefore, this study aimed to formulate and evaluate the effect of locally grown maize-peanut and -soybean supplementary food on the anthropometric parameters of <5 MAM children in Ekiti South Senatorial District of Ekiti State. Maize-Peanut {MPN} (149.4 g) and Maize-Soybean {MSB} (147.4 g) composite flours were produced and re-constituted to slurry. Proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, anti-nutritional and phytochemical composition, aflatoxin and microbiological assays and sensory properties were determined using standard analytical methods. The descriptive study involved four-stage sampling methods where children were randomly divided into four treatment groups comprising 18 each including Plumpy sup (control), maize-peanut blend (MPN), maize-soybean blend (MSB) and Nutrition Education (NE). Feeding trials (1 sachet per day, 149.4g for MPN and 147. 4g for MSB) and nutrition education were implemented for 12 weeks. Anthropometric parameters including body weight, height and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) were assessed fortnightly. The proximate composition showed that the crude protein and carbohydrate contents of MSB (7.59 and 88.31%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the MPN (7.19 and 87.63%) but with lower fat (3.81; 4.79%), respectively. The amino acid profile of both gruels was rich in hydrophobic and essential ones such as, valine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine. The mineral contents (calcium, iron, zinc, iodine) for MSB and MPN gruels are 14.15±0.00, 11.81±0.00 mg; 5.54±0.00, 4.84±0.00 mg; 3.98±0.00, 3.13±0.00 mg; and 297.33±1.16, 293.00±2.00 µg, respectively. The vitamin B1, B3, B9, A and K contents of MSB and MPN gruels are 2.30±0.02, 2.22±0.03 mg; 0.08 ±0.02, 0.06 ±0.03 mg; 300.00±26.46, 150.00±1 7.32 mg; 1.24±0.05, 1.13±0.04 RE; and 0.86±0.02, 1.98±0.02 µg, respectively. The MSB and MPN gruels contained very low antinutritional (tannin, saponin, oxalate and alkaloid) contents (<1 mg/ 100 g) as well as low amount (0.04-0.05 mg/100 g) of Aflatoxin (AFB1 AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) contents. The gruels showed a low population of yeast (1.4-4.2 x 108 cfu/g) and moulds (1.2-2.3 x 108 cfu/g) with the MSB gruel having higher consumer acceptability than the MPN and plumpy sup, respectively. The age, MUAC and weight-height z-score at enlistment and end line of the children fed with plumpy sup, MSB, MPN and NE were 14, 19 months; 11.21, 18.90 cm; 13.41, 15.67 and 18.53, 15.52, respectively. A 100% recovery from MAM was recorded for the children from plumpy sup, MSB, and MPN groups but 0.0% for NE group. Following complete MAM relief with the use of locally produced supplementary foods from both MSB and MPN, it is recommended that management of moderate acute malnutrition should be given necessary priority in primary health care in Nigeria and government should support mass production of local supplemntary foods.

Development and Validation of Photographic Food Atlas of Domestic Measures and Carbohydrate Servings of Selected Foods Consumed By Diabetic Patients in Enugu State

2025-02-05T13:55:21Z

Development and Validation of Photographic Food Atlas of Domestic Measures and Carbohydrate Servings of Selected Foods Consumed By Diabetic Patients in Enugu State Maduforo, Aloysius Nwabugo; Osum, Frances Ifunanya The study developed and validated photographic food atlas using domestic measures (DOM-M) such as serving spoons of edible portions of foods that would supply a specific amount of carbohydrate (carbohydrate servings) and energy. The objectives of the study were to: (1) identify commonly consumed locally available foods by adult diabetic patients seeking the services of Dietitian-Nutritionists in Out-patient department of selected hospitals in Enugu State; (2) determine the proximate (protein, fat, carbohydrates, fibre and ash) composition of the selected foods; (3) develop photographic food atlas with portion sizes of domestic measures and carbohydrate servings (10g, 15g, 20g, 30g and 45g of carbohydrates) of the selected foods and (4) validate the photographic food atlas with portion sizes of domestic measures and carbohydrate servings (10g, 15g, 20g, 30g and 45g of carbohydrates) of selected foods. A cross sectional survey design was used to sample diabetic patients seeking the services of Dietitian Nutritionist in Out-patient department of selected hospitals in Enugu state to identify the commonly consumed foods. Twenty three (23) foods were purposively selected from foods with higher frequency (≥20 points) among commonly consumed foods and analyzed for their proximate (moisture, protein, carbohydrates, ash, fat and crude fibre) composition using standard methods. The energy content was calculated using Atwater factors for the energy giving food nutrients (carbohydrate [4kcal/g], protein [4kcal/g] and fat [9kcal/g]). Standardized photographs of different portion sizes of the selected foods that will supply 10g, 15g, 20g, 30g, 45g of carbohydrates and photographs of different sizes of domestic measures were captured and their weights recorded. The photographs were formatted in an A4 size paper. Each page contained 3 to 8 photographs. The photographs were validated by out-patient diabetic patients attending selected hospitals. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, percentages, Chi square and student t-test. Statistical significance level was accepted at p<0.05. Rice dishes (rice + stew and jollof) was the most frequently consumed food among the patients while macaroni+rice and macaroni were the least commonly consumed. The energy and proximate composition showed that among the banana varieties, red decca had the highest (19.5g/100g) carbohydrate content and green mutant had the lowest (12.3g/100g). Energy was highest (125kcal/100g) in green mutant and least (95kcal/100g) in gross Michel banana variety. The carbohydrate in pineapple, green apple, red apple, pawpaw and watermelon were 18.75g/100g, 16.84g/100g, 15.18g/100g, 13.75g/100g and 4.51g/100g respectively. Local dishes with highest fat were achicha (27.2g/100g), ayaraya-ji (11.8g/100g), ayaraya-oka (16.0g/100g), abacha (4.4g/100g), okpa (10.8g/100g) and igbangwu-oka (13.7g/100g). The carbohydrates in them ranges from 5.0g/100g in Igbangwu-oka to 32.1g/100g in okpa. The rice dishes had carbohydrates ranging from 13.2g/100g in fried rice prepared with long grain (foreign) rice to 27.9g/100g prepared with basmati rice. The photographic food atlas developed contained 232 photographs from 23 food samples. The mean weights of the different edible food portions that will supply specific amount of carbohydrate and energy were recorded. The validation result showed that 50.1% scored 50% and above while 33.3% scored <40%. This study developed and validated a veritable visual aid for portion size estimation foods.

Prevalence of Diet-Related Non -Communicable Diseases (Hypertension, Diabetes and Obesity) and Dietary Diversity Among Adults 20 -70 Years in Selected Communities in Enugu State

2025-02-05T13:43:37Z

Prevalence of Diet-Related Non -Communicable Diseases (Hypertension, Diabetes and Obesity) and Dietary Diversity Among Adults 20 -70 Years in Selected Communities in Enugu State Anidi, Chioma Vivian; Osum, Frances Ifunanya This study assessed the prevalence of diet related non-communicable diseases (hypertension, diabetes and Obesity), and dietary habits of adults aged 20-70 years in Enugu State. A descriptive cross-sectional study in which 692 respondents were used. Anthropometric measurements of weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and waist-hip-ratio were obtained. The study protocols were based on the WHO STEP wise approach which utilized a structured questionnaire to assess study subjects self-reported lifestyle risk factors (STEP I), measurement of subjects’ blood pressure and anthropometrical parameters (STEP II), the collection and biochemical analysis of subjects’ blood samples for parameters such as fasting blood glucose (STEP III). Twenty percent of the subjects were used for biochemical analysis. Data obtained were analyzed using the computer programme, statistical product and service solutions for windows version 21. Data obtained were presented as frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation. Determination of relationships were done using Chi square and Pearsons correlation. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Normal body mass index was found among 44.4% of the males and 33.3% of the females. More females (38.6%) than male (34.4%) respondents were overweight. Obesity class 1,11 and 111 was seen in 18.7%, 2.8% and 1.5% of the respondents, respectively. waist hip ratio, more than half (82.5%) of the female respondents were at risk more than the male (7.9%) respondents. Dietary diversity among the respondents was low (43.8%) and medium (56.2%). Hypertension was observed in 29.4% of the subjects (28% males and 30% females). Diabetes was observed in 10.4% of the subjects. Current use of tobacco product was recorded among 35% of the subjects. Lifetime prevalence of alcohol consumption was 77.3% while current alcohol consumption prevalence was 70.5% (males 74.2% and females 66.7%). Fruits were mostly consumed once a week (32.4%). Vegetables were also mostly consumed once a week (59.7%). Adding salt right before eating was done always (0.9%), often (5.6%), and sometimes (67.6%) by the respondents. Use of salty sauce in cooking was done always (29.0%) and often (70.7%) by the subjects. Refined foods were consumed always (4.9%), often (13.6%), and sometimes (35.6%) by the subjects. About 48.4% of the subjects were insufficiently active (47.1% males and 49.5% females).